Memoria histórica: Una escuela del futuro, hace cien años
La escuela del futuro ya se pensó hace más de un siglo. Esa impresión queda tras la visita a la exposición que este jueves se inaugura en la Fundación Francisco Giner de los Ríos-Institución Libre de Enseñanza de Madrid. La escuela del futuro sería una escuela en la que los niños no utilizarían libros de texto sino que los elaborarían ellos mismos. Una escuela en la que los profesores no dictarían lecciones magistrales, sino que ayudarían a los alumnos a aprender a través de las experiencias. Una escuela en la que los niños no permanecerían encerrados en el aula, sino que harían excursiones y visitas a lugares de interés para que esa búsqueda activa de conocimiento los llevara a hacerse nuevas preguntas. “¿Y si eso ya se pensó hace ciento y pico de años y no solo fue un proyecto sino que fue una realidad?”, se pregunta Carlos Wert, comisario junto a Antonio Moreno, Eugenio Otero y María del Mar del Pozo de la exposición Laboratorios de la nueva educación. En el centenario del Instituto-Escuela, organizada por la propia Fundación junto con Acción Cultural Española y la Residencia de Estudiante. “¿No será necesario hacer un regreso al futuro?”, se pregunta el experto.
El Instituto-Escuela de Madrid, creado en 1918, fue una institución pública que ensayó nuevos planes y métodos educativos y además implantó proyectos para formar a los profesores que llevaran a cabo esa revolución, incluso con viajes de formación en el extranjero. El germen surgió décadas antes, cuando en 1876 se fundó la Institución Libre de Enseñanza, impulsada por, entre otros catedráticos, Francisco Giner de los Ríos para modernizar la cultura y la sociedad española a través de la educación. Eran tiempos difíciles, en los que se suspendió la libertad de cátedra en la Universidad a cualquier enseñanza contraría a la fe católica, a la monarquía o al sistema político vigente. Y aunque en un principio la intención era crear una Universidad Libre a semejanza de la existente en Bruselas desde 1834, el proyecto se modificó para empezar a formar a los nuevos ciudadanos desde niños.
“Cuando hace siglo y pico se habla de la ‘nueva educación’, que era un fenómeno mundial, ya hay una versión española, que es la Institución Libre de Enseñanza”, explica Wert. Y de ello deja constancia la exposición, que recorre a través de paneles, vídeos, fotografías y materiales escolares, la historia de ese apasionante y revolucionario proyecto. Junto a esos elementos también se exhiben algunas obras plásticas de artistas que de alguna manera estuvieron vinculadas al movimiento educativo. Hasta se muestra una fotografía del escultor estadounidense Alexander Calder durante su representación de El circo más pequeño del mundo en la Residencia de Estudiantes en 1933.
“¡Transformad esas antiguas aulas!”, exclamó Giner de los Ríos en su discurso de apertura del curso 1880-1881, según reza uno de los paneles de la exposición. Y en aquellos años se propugna que la enseñanza debe basarse en principios como “despertar la curiosidad en el niño”, “educar en el sentido histórico, para ver cada realidad actual como manifestación última de un proceso” o “familiarizar con las leyes de la materia”. Pero también en otros, más novedosos, como hacer excursiones al campo, trabajos manuales, practicar la gimnasia y los juegos, o emplear la música y el canto. De todo se encuentran ejemplos en la exposición, con fotografías de niños en el campo, tomando el sol en una terraza, conversando en el comedor o jugando en el patio. También con algunos de los objetos con los que jugaban o las piezas que creaban.
Leer el resto del artículo en El País.
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